ABSTRACT
Opportunistic infections (OIs) have marked the prognosis in the natural course of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Objective: identifying the most common OIs and determining their relationship with the CD4+ lymphocyte count (CD4+TL) can improve our clinical practice and facilitate early diagnosis, the use of empiric treatments and prompt targeted treatment. Materials and methods: an observational, retrospective study aimed at describing the characteristics and variations of the OIs diagnosed clinically, using direct or indirect methods, which occur in patients with HIV (related to their CD4+TL count) who are admitted to a tertiary care center in Cali, Colombia. Adult patients hospitalized from January 2018 to January 2019 with a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and a history or current diagnosis of OI were included. Individuals under the age of 18 and pregnant women were excluded. Results: a sample of 190 patients with at least one opportunistic infection was obtained, of whom 65.3% were men with a median age of 37 years (29.0-46.0), and the rest were women with a median age of 35.5 years (31.2-43.0). Eighty-three percent had a C3 classification on admission, 86% with a CD4+TL count < 200 cells/mm3. The most frequent OIs included tuberculosis, with 28.4%, pneumocystosis with 27.9% and toxoplasmosis with 27.4%. Conclusions: in our population, despite advances in and greater availability of highly-effective antiretroviral therapy, most patients with HIV are hospitalized in advanced stages with opportunistic infections, in some cases with two or more concomitant infections, and with evidence of severe virological and immunological involvement. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2327).
ABSTRACT
La lepra es una enfermedad cuyas manifestaciones se dan a nivel cutáneo y neurológico periférico. Es conocida desde siglos atrás y continúa siendo un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. La prevalencia ha disminuido después de la instauración de esquemas de tratamiento poliquimioterápicos. En Colombia no está considerada como un problema de salud pública por su baja prevalencia. El compromiso multisistémico es común, especialmente en las formas multibacilares. Los sistemas articular y renal son frecuentemente afectados, aunque estas afectaciones son en muchas ocasiones pasadas por alto. Se reporta el caso de un paciente con lepra lepromatosa que presentó glomerulonefritis mediada por inmunocomplejos y, además, compromiso poliarticular secundario a una reacción leprosa del tipo eritema nudoso lepromatoso. No hay conciencia por parte del personal de salud sobre las características de la enfermedad, ya que en muchos casos se cree erradicada. Este caso ilustra la importancia del reconocimiento y tratamiento oportunos para prevenir la discapacidad asociada.
Leprosy is a disease whose manifestations are seen in the skin and at the peripheral neurological level. It has been known for centuries and remains a public health problem worldwide; however its prevalence has declined after the introduction of multidrug treatment schemes. In Colombia leprosy is not considered a public health problem because of its low incidence. Multisystem compromise is common, especially in multibacillary forms, with the articular and renal systems commonly affected; although these effects are often overlooked. We report a patient with lepromatous leprosy who presented immune-mediated glomerulonephritis and polyarticular impairment secondary to erythaema nodosum leprosum. There is no awareness on the part of health personnel on the characteristics of the disease and in many cases are believed eradicated. This case illustrates the importance of early recognition and timely treatment to prevent disability associated.